When the dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European locative case (this is often the case when it is used with prepositions), it expresses location (sometimes figuratively) or time, and can often be translated by "in", "at", or "on": ![]() Éballé me líthois "He was hitting me with stones." When the dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European instrumental, it expresses the thing with which something is done, and can often be translated by the preposition "with": When it corresponds to the dative, it expresses the person or thing that is indirectly affected by an action, and can often be translated with the prepositions "to" or "for": The Ancient Greek dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European dative, instrumental, or locative. "He went away from the market-place." Dative It is also used after prepositions, especially those which mean "from":Īpêlthen ek tês agorâs. The Ancient Greek genitive can often be translated with the preposition "of" or the English possessive case: Pémpousin es Krḗtēn angélous "They send messengers to Crete." Genitive After prepositions it is often used for the destination of motion: The accusative is used for the object of a verb, and also after prepositions. It is frequently the same as the nominative in the singular and always the same in the plural.Īlēthê légeis, ô Sṓkrates "What you say is true, Socrates." Accusative ![]() The vocative is used for addressing people or things. "For Socrates was wise and just." Vocative The Ancient Greek nominative, like the Proto-Indo-European nominative, is used for the subject and for things describing the subject ( predicate nouns or adjectives): ![]() The five cases of Ancient Greek each have different functions.
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